在世界中渲染

前置条件

确保你已阅读过渲染概念。本页基于这些概念并讨论如何渲染世界上的对象。

本页探讨了一些更现代的渲染概念。你将进一步了解渲染的两个阶段：“提取”（或称“准备”）与“绘制”（或称“渲染”）。在本指南中，我们将“提取/准备”阶段称为“提取”阶段，将“绘制/渲染”阶段称为“绘制”阶段。

要在世界中渲染自定义对象，你有两种选择。你可以注入现有的原版渲染并添加代码，但这会限制你只能使用现有的原版渲染管线。如果现有的原版渲染管线无法满足你的需求，则需要自定义渲染管线。

在讨论自定义渲染管线之前，我们先来了解一下原版渲染。

提取和绘制阶段

正如渲染概念中所提到的，Minecraft 的最新更新致力于将渲染分为两个阶段：“提取”和“绘制”。

渲染所需的所有数据都在“提取”阶段收集。例如，这包括写入缓冲构建器。通过 buffer.addVertex 将顶点写入缓冲构建器是“提取”阶段的一部分。请注意，许多方法即使以 draw 或 render 为前缀，也应该在“提取”阶段调用。你应该在此阶段添加所有要渲染的元素。

“提取”阶段完成后，“绘制”阶段开始，并构建缓冲构建器。在这个阶段，缓冲构建器被绘制到屏幕上。这种“提取”和“绘制”分离的最终目标是允许并行绘制上一帧和提取下一帧，从而提高性能。

现在，考虑到这两个阶段，让我们看看如何创建自定义渲染管线。

自定义渲染管线

假设我们要渲染需要穿过墙壁显示的路径点。最接近该效果的原版渲染管线是 RenderPipelines#DEBUG_FILLED_BOX，但它无法穿过墙壁进行渲染，因此我们需要一个自定义渲染管线。

定义自定义渲染管线

我们在一个类中定义自定义渲染管线：

java

private static final RenderPipeline FILLED_THROUGH_WALLS = RenderPipelines.register(RenderPipeline.builder(RenderPipelines.DEBUG_FILLED_SNIPPET)
		.withLocation(Identifier.fromNamespaceAndPath(ExampleMod.MOD_ID, "pipeline/debug_filled_box_through_walls"))
		.withDepthTestFunction(DepthTestFunction.NO_DEPTH_TEST)
		.build()
);

提取阶段

我们首先实现“提取”阶段。我们可以在“提取”阶段调用这个方法来添加要渲染的路径点。

java

private static final ByteBufferBuilder allocator = new ByteBufferBuilder(RenderType.SMALL_BUFFER_SIZE);
private BufferBuilder buffer;

private void renderWaypoint(WorldRenderContext context) {
	PoseStack matrices = context.matrices();
	Vec3 camera = context.worldState().cameraRenderState.pos;

	matrices.pushPose();
	matrices.translate(-camera.x, -camera.y, -camera.z);

	if (buffer == null) {
		buffer = new BufferBuilder(allocator, FILLED_THROUGH_WALLS.getVertexFormatMode(), FILLED_THROUGH_WALLS.getVertexFormat());
	}

	renderFilledBox(matrices.last().pose(), buffer, 0f, 100f, 0f, 1f, 101f, 1f, 0f, 1f, 0f, 0.5f);

	matrices.popPose();
}

private void renderFilledBox(Matrix4fc positionMatrix, BufferBuilder buffer, float minX, float minY, float minZ, float maxX, float maxY, float maxZ, float red, float green, float blue, float alpha) {
	// Front Face
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

	// Back face
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

	// Left face
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

	// Right face
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

	// Top face
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

	// Bottom face
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
}

请注意，BufferAllocator 构造函数中使用的大小取决于你使用的渲染管线。在我们的例子中，它是 RenderType.SMALL_BUFFER_SIZE。

如果要渲染多个路径点，则多次调用此方法。确保在“提取”阶段（即“绘制”阶段开始之前，缓冲区构建器在此时构建）执行此操作。

渲染状态

请注意，在上面的代码中，我们将 BufferBuilder 保存在一个字段中。这是因为我们在“绘制”阶段需要它。在这种情况下，BufferBuilder 就是我们的“渲染状态”或“提取的数据”。如果你在“绘制”阶段需要额外的数据，则应该创建一个自定义渲染状态类来保存 BufferedBuilder 以及你需要的其他渲染数据。

绘制阶段

现在我们将实现“绘制”阶段。在“提取”阶段，所有需要渲染的路径点都添加到 BufferBuilder 后，应该调用这个阶段。

java

private static final Vector4f COLOR_MODULATOR = new Vector4f(1f, 1f, 1f, 1f);
private static final Vector3f MODEL_OFFSET = new Vector3f();
private static final Matrix4f TEXTURE_MATRIX = new Matrix4f();
private MappableRingBuffer vertexBuffer;

private void drawFilledThroughWalls(Minecraft client, @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue") RenderPipeline pipeline) {
	// Build the buffer
	MeshData builtBuffer = buffer.buildOrThrow();
	MeshData.DrawState drawParameters = builtBuffer.drawState();
	VertexFormat format = drawParameters.format();

	GpuBuffer vertices = upload(drawParameters, format, builtBuffer);

	draw(client, pipeline, builtBuffer, drawParameters, vertices, format);

	// Rotate the vertex buffer so we are less likely to use buffers that the GPU is using
	vertexBuffer.rotate();
	buffer = null;
}

private GpuBuffer upload(MeshData.DrawState drawParameters, VertexFormat format, MeshData builtBuffer) {
	// Calculate the size needed for the vertex buffer
	int vertexBufferSize = drawParameters.vertexCount() * format.getVertexSize();

	// Initialize or resize the vertex buffer as needed
	if (vertexBuffer == null || vertexBuffer.size() < vertexBufferSize) {
		if (vertexBuffer != null) {
			vertexBuffer.close();
		}

		vertexBuffer = new MappableRingBuffer(() -> ExampleMod.MOD_ID + " example render pipeline", GpuBuffer.USAGE_VERTEX | GpuBuffer.USAGE_MAP_WRITE, vertexBufferSize);
	}

	// Copy vertex data into the vertex buffer
	CommandEncoder commandEncoder = RenderSystem.getDevice().createCommandEncoder();

	try (GpuBuffer.MappedView mappedView = commandEncoder.mapBuffer(vertexBuffer.currentBuffer().slice(0, builtBuffer.vertexBuffer().remaining()), false, true)) {
		MemoryUtil.memCopy(builtBuffer.vertexBuffer(), mappedView.data());
	}

	return vertexBuffer.currentBuffer();
}

private static void draw(Minecraft client, RenderPipeline pipeline, MeshData builtBuffer, MeshData.DrawState drawParameters, GpuBuffer vertices, VertexFormat format) {
	GpuBuffer indices;
	VertexFormat.IndexType indexType;

	if (pipeline.getVertexFormatMode() == VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS) {
		// Sort the quads if there is translucency
		builtBuffer.sortQuads(allocator, RenderSystem.getProjectionType().vertexSorting());
		// Upload the index buffer
		indices = pipeline.getVertexFormat().uploadImmediateIndexBuffer(builtBuffer.indexBuffer());
		indexType = builtBuffer.drawState().indexType();
	} else {
		// Use the general shape index buffer for non-quad draw modes
		RenderSystem.AutoStorageIndexBuffer shapeIndexBuffer = RenderSystem.getSequentialBuffer(pipeline.getVertexFormatMode());
		indices = shapeIndexBuffer.getBuffer(drawParameters.indexCount());
		indexType = shapeIndexBuffer.type();
	}

	// Actually execute the draw
	GpuBufferSlice dynamicTransforms = RenderSystem.getDynamicUniforms()
			.writeTransform(RenderSystem.getModelViewMatrix(), COLOR_MODULATOR, MODEL_OFFSET, TEXTURE_MATRIX);
	try (RenderPass renderPass = RenderSystem.getDevice()
			.createCommandEncoder()
			.createRenderPass(() -> ExampleMod.MOD_ID + " example render pipeline rendering", client.getMainRenderTarget().getColorTextureView(), OptionalInt.empty(), client.getMainRenderTarget().getDepthTextureView(), OptionalDouble.empty())) {
		renderPass.setPipeline(pipeline);

		RenderSystem.bindDefaultUniforms(renderPass);
		renderPass.setUniform("DynamicTransforms", dynamicTransforms);

		// Bind texture if applicable:
		// Sampler0 is used for texture inputs in vertices
		// renderPass.bindTexture("Sampler0", textureSetup.texure0(), textureSetup.sampler0());

		renderPass.setVertexBuffer(0, vertices);
		renderPass.setIndexBuffer(indices, indexType);

		// The base vertex is the starting index when we copied the data into the vertex buffer divided by vertex size
		//noinspection ConstantValue
		renderPass.drawIndexed(0 / format.getVertexSize(), 0, drawParameters.indexCount(), 1);
	}

	builtBuffer.close();
}

清理

最后，我们需要在游戏渲染器关闭时清理资源。 GameRenderer#close 应该调用这个方法，为此，你目前需要将 mixin 注入到 GameRenderer#close 中。

java

public void close() {
	allocator.close();

	if (vertexBuffer != null) {
		vertexBuffer.close();
		vertexBuffer = null;
	}
}

java

package com.example.docs.mixin.client;

import org.spongepowered.asm.mixin.Mixin;
import org.spongepowered.asm.mixin.injection.At;
import org.spongepowered.asm.mixin.injection.Inject;
import org.spongepowered.asm.mixin.injection.callback.CallbackInfo;

import net.minecraft.client.renderer.GameRenderer;

import com.example.docs.rendering.CustomRenderPipeline;

@Mixin(GameRenderer.class)
public class GameRendererMixin {
	@Inject(method = "close", at = @At("RETURN"))
	private void onGameRendererClose(CallbackInfo ci) {
		CustomRenderPipeline.getInstance().close();
	}
}

最终代码

结合以上所有步骤，我们得到了一个简单的类，渲染一个穿过墙壁的路径点，位于 (0, 100, 0)。

java

package com.example.docs.rendering;

import java.util.OptionalDouble;
import java.util.OptionalInt;

import com.mojang.blaze3d.buffers.GpuBuffer;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.buffers.GpuBufferSlice;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.pipeline.RenderPipeline;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.platform.DepthTestFunction;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.systems.CommandEncoder;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.systems.RenderPass;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.systems.RenderSystem;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.BufferBuilder;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.ByteBufferBuilder;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.MeshData;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.PoseStack;
import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormat;
import org.joml.Matrix4f;
import org.joml.Matrix4fc;
import org.joml.Vector3f;
import org.joml.Vector4f;
import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;

import net.minecraft.client.Minecraft;
import net.minecraft.client.renderer.MappableRingBuffer;
import net.minecraft.client.renderer.RenderPipelines;
import net.minecraft.client.renderer.rendertype.RenderType;
import net.minecraft.resources.Identifier;
import net.minecraft.world.phys.Vec3;

import net.fabricmc.api.ClientModInitializer;
import net.fabricmc.fabric.api.client.rendering.v1.world.WorldRenderContext;
import net.fabricmc.fabric.api.client.rendering.v1.world.WorldRenderEvents;

import com.example.docs.ExampleMod;

public class CustomRenderPipeline implements ClientModInitializer {
	private static CustomRenderPipeline instance;
	// :::custom-pipelines:define-pipeline
	private static final RenderPipeline FILLED_THROUGH_WALLS = RenderPipelines.register(RenderPipeline.builder(RenderPipelines.DEBUG_FILLED_SNIPPET)
			.withLocation(Identifier.fromNamespaceAndPath(ExampleMod.MOD_ID, "pipeline/debug_filled_box_through_walls"))
			.withDepthTestFunction(DepthTestFunction.NO_DEPTH_TEST)
			.build()
	);
	// :::custom-pipelines:define-pipeline
	// :::custom-pipelines:extraction-phase
	private static final ByteBufferBuilder allocator = new ByteBufferBuilder(RenderType.SMALL_BUFFER_SIZE);
	private BufferBuilder buffer;

	// :::custom-pipelines:extraction-phase
	// :::custom-pipelines:drawing-phase
	private static final Vector4f COLOR_MODULATOR = new Vector4f(1f, 1f, 1f, 1f);
	private static final Vector3f MODEL_OFFSET = new Vector3f();
	private static final Matrix4f TEXTURE_MATRIX = new Matrix4f();
	private MappableRingBuffer vertexBuffer;

	// :::custom-pipelines:drawing-phase
	public static CustomRenderPipeline getInstance() {
		return instance;
	}

	@Override
	public void onInitializeClient() {
		instance = this;
		WorldRenderEvents.BEFORE_TRANSLUCENT.register(this::extractAndDrawWaypoint);
	}

	private void extractAndDrawWaypoint(WorldRenderContext context) {
		renderWaypoint(context);
		drawFilledThroughWalls(Minecraft.getInstance(), FILLED_THROUGH_WALLS);
	}

	// :::custom-pipelines:extraction-phase
	private void renderWaypoint(WorldRenderContext context) {
		PoseStack matrices = context.matrices();
		Vec3 camera = context.worldState().cameraRenderState.pos;

		matrices.pushPose();
		matrices.translate(-camera.x, -camera.y, -camera.z);

		if (buffer == null) {
			buffer = new BufferBuilder(allocator, FILLED_THROUGH_WALLS.getVertexFormatMode(), FILLED_THROUGH_WALLS.getVertexFormat());
		}

		renderFilledBox(matrices.last().pose(), buffer, 0f, 100f, 0f, 1f, 101f, 1f, 0f, 1f, 0f, 0.5f);

		matrices.popPose();
	}

	private void renderFilledBox(Matrix4fc positionMatrix, BufferBuilder buffer, float minX, float minY, float minZ, float maxX, float maxY, float maxZ, float red, float green, float blue, float alpha) {
		// Front Face
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

		// Back face
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

		// Left face
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

		// Right face
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

		// Top face
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, maxY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

		// Bottom face
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, minZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, maxX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
		buffer.addVertex(positionMatrix, minX, minY, maxZ).setColor(red, green, blue, alpha);
	}
	// :::custom-pipelines:extraction-phase

	// :::custom-pipelines:drawing-phase
	private void drawFilledThroughWalls(Minecraft client, @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue") RenderPipeline pipeline) {
		// Build the buffer
		MeshData builtBuffer = buffer.buildOrThrow();
		MeshData.DrawState drawParameters = builtBuffer.drawState();
		VertexFormat format = drawParameters.format();

		GpuBuffer vertices = upload(drawParameters, format, builtBuffer);

		draw(client, pipeline, builtBuffer, drawParameters, vertices, format);

		// Rotate the vertex buffer so we are less likely to use buffers that the GPU is using
		vertexBuffer.rotate();
		buffer = null;
	}

	private GpuBuffer upload(MeshData.DrawState drawParameters, VertexFormat format, MeshData builtBuffer) {
		// Calculate the size needed for the vertex buffer
		int vertexBufferSize = drawParameters.vertexCount() * format.getVertexSize();

		// Initialize or resize the vertex buffer as needed
		if (vertexBuffer == null || vertexBuffer.size() < vertexBufferSize) {
			if (vertexBuffer != null) {
				vertexBuffer.close();
			}

			vertexBuffer = new MappableRingBuffer(() -> ExampleMod.MOD_ID + " example render pipeline", GpuBuffer.USAGE_VERTEX | GpuBuffer.USAGE_MAP_WRITE, vertexBufferSize);
		}

		// Copy vertex data into the vertex buffer
		CommandEncoder commandEncoder = RenderSystem.getDevice().createCommandEncoder();

		try (GpuBuffer.MappedView mappedView = commandEncoder.mapBuffer(vertexBuffer.currentBuffer().slice(0, builtBuffer.vertexBuffer().remaining()), false, true)) {
			MemoryUtil.memCopy(builtBuffer.vertexBuffer(), mappedView.data());
		}

		return vertexBuffer.currentBuffer();
	}

	private static void draw(Minecraft client, RenderPipeline pipeline, MeshData builtBuffer, MeshData.DrawState drawParameters, GpuBuffer vertices, VertexFormat format) {
		GpuBuffer indices;
		VertexFormat.IndexType indexType;

		if (pipeline.getVertexFormatMode() == VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS) {
			// Sort the quads if there is translucency
			builtBuffer.sortQuads(allocator, RenderSystem.getProjectionType().vertexSorting());
			// Upload the index buffer
			indices = pipeline.getVertexFormat().uploadImmediateIndexBuffer(builtBuffer.indexBuffer());
			indexType = builtBuffer.drawState().indexType();
		} else {
			// Use the general shape index buffer for non-quad draw modes
			RenderSystem.AutoStorageIndexBuffer shapeIndexBuffer = RenderSystem.getSequentialBuffer(pipeline.getVertexFormatMode());
			indices = shapeIndexBuffer.getBuffer(drawParameters.indexCount());
			indexType = shapeIndexBuffer.type();
		}

		// Actually execute the draw
		GpuBufferSlice dynamicTransforms = RenderSystem.getDynamicUniforms()
				.writeTransform(RenderSystem.getModelViewMatrix(), COLOR_MODULATOR, MODEL_OFFSET, TEXTURE_MATRIX);
		try (RenderPass renderPass = RenderSystem.getDevice()
				.createCommandEncoder()
				.createRenderPass(() -> ExampleMod.MOD_ID + " example render pipeline rendering", client.getMainRenderTarget().getColorTextureView(), OptionalInt.empty(), client.getMainRenderTarget().getDepthTextureView(), OptionalDouble.empty())) {
			renderPass.setPipeline(pipeline);

			RenderSystem.bindDefaultUniforms(renderPass);
			renderPass.setUniform("DynamicTransforms", dynamicTransforms);

			// Bind texture if applicable:
			// Sampler0 is used for texture inputs in vertices
			// renderPass.bindTexture("Sampler0", textureSetup.texure0(), textureSetup.sampler0());

			renderPass.setVertexBuffer(0, vertices);
			renderPass.setIndexBuffer(indices, indexType);

			// The base vertex is the starting index when we copied the data into the vertex buffer divided by vertex size
			//noinspection ConstantValue
			renderPass.drawIndexed(0 / format.getVertexSize(), 0, drawParameters.indexCount(), 1);
		}

		builtBuffer.close();
	}
	// :::custom-pipelines:drawing-phase

	// :::custom-pipelines:clean-up
	public void close() {
		allocator.close();

		if (vertexBuffer != null) {
			vertexBuffer.close();
			vertexBuffer = null;
		}
	}
	// :::custom-pipelines:clean-up
}

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别忘了 GameRendererMixin！结果如下：

创建你的第一个物品

方块实体

移植到 26.1 快照版本

迁移映射

页面作者

在世界中渲染

页面作者

提取和绘制阶段

自定义渲染管线

定义自定义渲染管线

提取阶段

渲染状态

绘制阶段

清理

最终代码

页面作者

在世界中渲染

页面作者

提取和绘制阶段 ​

自定义渲染管线 ​

定义自定义渲染管线 ​

提取阶段 ​

渲染状态 ​

绘制阶段 ​

清理 ​

最终代码 ​

提取和绘制阶段

自定义渲染管线

定义自定义渲染管线

提取阶段

渲染状态

绘制阶段

清理

最终代码